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In contrast, parasitic filariae release thousands of microfilariae into the peripheral blood without triggering inflammation, as they induce regulatory, anti\u2010inflammatory host responses. Hence, we investigated the impact of chronic filarial infection on adaptive T\u2010cell responses during the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIRS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CARS<\/jats:styled-content> phases of a systemic bacterial infection and analysed the development of T\u2010cell paralysis following a subsequent adenovirus challenge in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BALB<\/jats:styled-content>\/c mice. Chronic filarial infection impaired adenovirus\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell cytotoxicity and interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> responses in the absence of a bacterial challenge and led to higher numbers of splenic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, whereas splenic T\u2010cell expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>69 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>62 ligand, serum cytokine levels and regulatory T\u2010cell frequencies were comparable to naive controls. Irrespective of filarial infection, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIRS<\/jats:styled-content> phase dominated 6\u201324\u00a0hr after intravenous <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> challenge with increased T\u2010cell activation and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production, whereas the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CARS<\/jats:styled-content> phase occurred 6\u00a0days post <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> challenge and correlated with high levels of transforming growth factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>62 ligand T\u2010cell expression. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced impairment of adenovirus\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell cytotoxicity and interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> production was not additionally impaired by chronic filarial infection. This suggests that filarial immunoregulation does not exacerbate <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced T\u2010cell paralysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T06:53:37Z","timestamp":1418972017000},"page":"150-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\u2010induced immune paralysis is not exacerbated during chronic filarial infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Benedikt C.","family":"Buerfent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP) University Hospital of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Gondorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology 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