{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:59:32Z","timestamp":1780574372492,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCL\/UCLH BRC"},{"name":"MRC Clinical Research Fellowship"},{"name":"Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centre's"},{"name":"NIHR Academic Clinical Lectureship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Although bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG<\/jats:styled-content>) is an established vaccine with excellent efficacy against disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection in young children, efficacy in adults suffering from respiratory tuberculosis (TB<\/jats:styled-content>) is suboptimal. Prime\u2010boost viral vectored vaccines have been shown to induce effective immune responses and lentivectors (LV) have been shown to improve mucosal immunity in the lung. A mucosal boost to induce local immunogenicity is also referred to as a \u2018pull\u2019 in a prime and pull approach, which has been found to be a promising vaccine strategy. The majority of infants worldwide receive BCG<\/jats:styled-content> immunization through current vaccine protocols. We therefore aimed to investigate the role of a boost (or pull) immunization with an LV vaccine expressing the promising TB<\/jats:styled-content> antigen (Ag85A). We immunized BALB<\/jats:styled-content>\/c mice subcutaneously with BCG<\/jats:styled-content> or an LV vaccine expressing a nuclear factor\u2010\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B activator vFLIP<\/jats:styled-content> together with Ag85A (LV vF<\/jats:styled-content>\/85A), then boosted with intranasal LV vF<\/jats:styled-content>\/85A. Prime and pull immunization with LV<\/jats:styled-content>85A induced significantly enhanced CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> and CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses in the lung, but did not protect against intranasal BCG<\/jats:styled-content> challenge. In contrast, little T\u2010cell response in the lung was seen when the prime vaccine was BCG<\/jats:styled-content>, and intranasal vF<\/jats:styled-content>\/85A provided no additional protection against mucosal BCG<\/jats:styled-content> infection. Our study demonstrates that not all LV prime and pull approaches may be successful against TB<\/jats:styled-content> in man and careful antigen and immune activator selection is therefore required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T23:29:19Z","timestamp":1434756559000},"page":"264-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using a prime and pull approach, lentivector vaccines expressing Ag85A induce immunogenicity but fail to induce protection against M<\/scp>ycobacterium bovis<\/i> bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin challenge in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Britton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas C.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity University College London London UK"},{"name":"National Institute of Biological Standards and Control South Mimms Herts UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity University College London London 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