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We investigated the relationship between female genital tract infections, cervicovaginal interleukin\u201017 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017) concentrations and Th17 cell frequencies. Forty\u2010two cytokines were measured in cervicovaginal lavages from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010uninfected and HIV\u2010infected women. Frequencies of Th17 cells (CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u00a0IL\u201017a<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) were evaluated in cervical cytobrushes and blood by flow cytometry. Women were screened for <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and herpes simplex virus 2 by PCR, and candidal infections and bacterial vaginosis by Gram stain. Women with bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs), specifically chlamydia and gonorrhoea, had higher genital IL\u201017 concentrations than women with no STI, whereas women with candidal pseudohyphae\/spores had lower IL\u201017 concentrations compared with women without candidal infections. Viral STIs (herpes simplex virus 2 and HIV) were not associated with significant changes in genital IL\u201017 concentrations. Genital IL\u201017 concentrations correlated strongly with other inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Although Th17 cells were depleted from blood during HIV infection, cervical Th17 cell frequencies were similar in HIV\u2010uninfected and HIV\u2010infected women. Cervical Th17 cell frequencies were also not associated with STIs or candida, although few women had a STI. These findings suggest that IL\u201017 production in the female genital tract is induced in response to bacterial but not viral STIs. Decreased IL\u201017 associated with candidal infections suggests that candida may actively suppress IL\u201017 production or women with dampened IL\u201017 responses may be more susceptible to candidal outgrowth<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,24]],"date-time":"2015-08-24T17:09:48Z","timestamp":1440436188000},"page":"557-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Relationship between female genital tract infections, mucosal interleukin\u201017 production and local T helper type 17 cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Lindi","family":"Masson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Medical School Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa University of KwaZulu Natal Durban South 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