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We infected rhesus macaques orally and also treated them orally with a small and non\u2010absorbable polypropyletherimine dendrimer glucosamine that is a Toll\u2010like receptor\u20104 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4) antagonist. Antibiotics were not given for this life\u2010threatening infection. Six days later, the clinical score for diarrhoea, mucus and blood was 54% lower, colon interleukin\u20108 and interleukin\u20106 were both 77% lower, and colon neutrophil infiltration was 75% less. Strikingly, vasculitis did not occur and tissue fibrin thrombi were reduced by 67%. There was no clinical toxicity or adverse effect of dendrimer glucosamine on systemic immunity. This is the first report in non\u2010human primates of the therapeutic efficacy of a small and orally bioavailable <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist in severe infection. 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