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However, there remains considerable debate regarding the specific leucocytes that kill parasites and whether these mechanisms are distinct from those responsible for tissue repair. Herein, we chronicle discoveries over the past decade highlighting current paradigms in type 2 immunity with a particular emphasis upon how <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T helper type 2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages coordinately control helminth\u2010induced parasitism. Primarily, this review will draw from studies of the murine nematode parasite <jats:italic>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>, which bears important similarities to the human hookworms <jats:italic>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Necator americanus<\/jats:italic>. Given that one or more hookworm species currently infect millions of individuals across the globe, we propose that vaccine and\/or pharmaceutical\u2010based cure strategies targeting these affected human populations should incorporate the conceptual advances outlined herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T05:12:38Z","timestamp":1456809158000},"page":"115-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from <scp>T<\/scp> helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Meera G.","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences School of Medicine University of California Riverside CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De'Broski R.","family":"Herbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine University of California San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Prevention C. f. 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