{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T01:24:35Z","timestamp":1771982675714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K22AI118421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K22AI118421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from infectious microorganisms and cancers. However, a major component of the immune response involves the direct elimination of cells in the body and the induction of systemic inflammation, which may result in life\u2010threatening immunopathology. Therefore, the immune system has developed complex mechanisms to regulate itself with a specialized subset of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 T lymphocytes (referred to as regulatory T cells) and immune checkpoint pathways, such as the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway. These immune regulatory mechanisms can be exploited by pathogens and tumours to establish persistence in the host, warranting a deeper understanding of how to fine\u2010tune immune responses during these chronic diseases. Here, I discuss various features of immune regulatory pathways and what important aspects must be considered in the next generation of therapies to reverse immune exhaustion, understanding that this process is a natural mechanism to prevent the host from destroying itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T16:53:01Z","timestamp":1491411181000},"page":"146-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["CD8 T\u2010cell regulation by T regulatory cells and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Penaloza\u2010MacMaster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\u2013Immunology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fimm.12739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.12739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T13:30:48Z","timestamp":1696167048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imm.12739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imm.12739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.12739","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-04-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}