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Technical advances that allow comprehensive characterization of microbial communities by genetic sequencing have sparked the hunt for disease\u2010modulating bacteria. Emerging studies in humans have linked the increased abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species at mucosal sites to localized and systemic disease, including periodontitis, bacterial vaginosis, rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic disorders and low\u2010grade systemic inflammation. Intriguingly,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance is reduced within the lung microbiota of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Increased\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance is associated with augmented T helper type 17 (Th17) \u2010mediated mucosal inflammation, which is in line with the marked capacity of\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in driving Th17 immune responses\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Studies indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    predominantly activate Toll\u2010like receptor 2, leading to production of Th17\u2010polarizing cytokines by antigen\u2010presenting cells, including interleukin\u201023 (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u201023) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20101. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulate epithelial cells to produce\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20108,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20106 and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    20, which can promote mucosal Th17 immune responses and neutrophil recruitment.\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010mediated mucosal inflammation leads to systemic dissemination of inflammatory mediators, bacteria and bacterial products, which in turn may affect systemic disease outcomes. Studies in mice support a causal role of\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    as colonization experiments promote clinical and inflammatory features of human disease. When compared with strict commensal bacteria,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibit increased inflammatory properties, as demonstrated by augmented release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and various stromal cells. These findings indicate that some\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains may be clinically important pathobionts that can participate in human disease by promoting chronic inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T15:59:15Z","timestamp":1495555155000},"page":"363-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1268,"title":["The immune response to\n                    <i>Prevotella<\/i>\n                    bacteria in chronic inflammatory disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeppe Madura","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Faculty of Health and Technology Metropolitan University College Copenhagen 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