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Several ways of generating therapeutic tolDCs have been described, but whether these tolDCs should be loaded with autoantigen(s), and if so, with which autoantigen(s), remains unclear. Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are not commonly defined by a single, universal, autoantigen. A possible solution is to use surrogate autoantigens for loading of tolDCs. We propose that heat\u2010shock proteins may be a relevant surrogate antigen, as they are evolutionarily conserved between species, ubiquitously expressed in inflamed tissues and have been shown to induce regulatory T cells, ameliorating disease in various arthritis mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview on how immune tolerance may be restored by tolDCs, the problem of selecting relevant autoantigens for loading of tolDCs, and why heat\u2010shock proteins could be used as surrogate autoantigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T05:46:35Z","timestamp":1502689595000},"page":"51-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Targeting of tolerogenic dendritic cells towards heat\u2010shock proteins: a novel therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon A. 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