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Previous studies showed that Tim\u20103 expression makes Th1 cells more susceptible to apoptosis and also marks functionally impaired T cells that arise due to chronic stimulation. However, other studies suggested that Tim\u20103\u2010expressing Th1 cells do not always have these properties. To further define the relationship between Tim\u20103 and Th1 cell function, we analysed the characteristics of Th1 cells that expressed Tim\u20103 in response to brief stimulation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    or an acute viral infection\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . As expected, cultured\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    4 T cells began expressing Tim\u20103 during Th1 differentiation and secondary stimulation generated Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    fractions that were separated and further analysed. When injected into naive mice, Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells down\u2010regulated Tim\u20103 and survived equally well compared with Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells. Further, Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th1 cells had similar functional responses when transferred into naive mice that were subsequently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCMV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). Cultured Th1 cells that expressed Tim\u20103 following\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010cell receptor stimulation had a greater capacity to express signature Th1 cytokines than their Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    counterparts and showed differential expression of genes that regulate\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    4 T\u2010cell function. Consistent with these findings, Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th1 cells generated in response to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCMV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection displayed augmented effector function relative to Tim\u20103\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells. These results suggest that Tim\u20103 expression by Th1 cells responding to acute stimulation can mark cells that are functionally competent and have an augmented ability to produce cytokines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T07:14:30Z","timestamp":1515568470000},"page":"418-433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acute stimulation generates Tim\u20103\u2010expressing T helper type 1\n                    <scp>CD<\/scp>\n                    4 T cells that persist\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    and show enhanced effector function"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Jacob V.","family":"Gorman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9273-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Colgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA 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