{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:53:29Z","timestamp":1792446809742,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI007635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI035681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI035681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The mucosal surface of the respiratory tract encounters microbes, such as fungal particles, with every inhaled breath. When pathogenic fungi breach the physical barrier and innate immune system within the lung to establish an infection, adaptive immunity is engaged, often in the form of helper CD4 T\u2010cell responses. Type 1 responses, characterized by interferon\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    production from CD4 cells, promote clearance of\n                    <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Likewise, interleukin\u201017A (IL\u201017A) production from Th17 cells promotes immunity to\n                    <jats:italic>Blastomyces dermatitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    species infection by recruiting neutrophils. In contrast the development of T helper type 2 responses, characterized by IL\u20105 production from T cells and eosinophil influx into the lungs, drives allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and poor outcomes during\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Experimental vaccines against several endemic mycoses, including\n                    <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Blastomyces dermatitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , induce protective T\u2010cell responses and foreshadow the development of vaccines against pulmonary fungal infections for use in humans. Additionally, recent work using antifungal T cells as immunotherapy to protect immune\u2010compromised patients from opportunist fungal infections also shows great promise. This review covers the role of T\u2010cell responses in driving protection and pathology in response to pulmonary fungal infections, and highlights promising therapeutic applications of antifungal T cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T02:49:45Z","timestamp":1526870985000},"page":"155-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Helper T\u2010cell responses and pulmonary fungal infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3212-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce 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