{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:58:08Z","timestamp":1790337488981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary and chronic human immunodeficiency virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection alters <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T\u2010cell features. However, there is no evidence about early combined antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T\u2010cell dynamics. In the present study, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive individuals were divided into those with early primary infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content>) and those with late primary infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPI<\/jats:styled-content>). The analysis of <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells was performed by flow cytometry before and after therapy. Polyfunctional profile was assessed after <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> peripheral blood mononuclear cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>) exposure to specific antigens. The results show that primary infection induced an expansion of V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>1 T cells in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPI<\/jats:styled-content>. Before treatment, a massive activation of <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T\u2010cell subsets was observed in both groups of patients, that correlated with disease progression and was significantly reduced after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content> introduction. Despite this, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>107A\u2010expressing V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>1 T cells in both groups were significantly fewer than in healthy donors, but were restored by therapy introduction. Polyfunctional analysis of V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>1 T cells from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive individuals revealed a lower frequency of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>107A<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>1 T\u2010cell subsets than healthy donors that persists after therapy. Functional profile of V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>2 was similar to that in healthy donors before therapy but, at 6\u00a0months, a lower frequency of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>107A, interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010 or tumor necrosis factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010producing V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>2 T cells was observed in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPI<\/jats:styled-content> group. Finally, individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPI<\/jats:styled-content> showed a lower frequency of quadruple\u2010functional V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>2 T\u2010cell subset. In conclusion, during primary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, the baseline V<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>1 T\u2010cell activation is correlated with immune reconstitution potential. Moreover, an altered <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> polyfunctional profile occurred, persisting after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content>. Further studies are needed to understand whether a longer treatment of primary infection may increase <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T\u2010cell functionality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T15:48:57Z","timestamp":1560786537000},"page":"322-330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Human Immunodeficiency Virus primary infection, early combined antiretroviral therapy reduced <i>\u03b3\u03b4<\/i> T\u2010cell activation but failed to restore their polyfunctionality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Casetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d\u00a0\u2013\u00a0IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d\u00a0\u2013\u00a0IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Bordoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d\u00a0\u2013\u00a0IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germana","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d\u00a0\u2013\u00a0IRCCS Rome 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