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T helper type 9 (Th9) cells are a new type of effector T helper cells, which mainly secrete the specific cytokine interleukin\u20109 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109). Interleukin\u20109 has been shown to contribute to liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and in a mouse model due to carbon tetrachloride. However, the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 in schistosomiasis fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 in schistosomiasis through <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies. The <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies found that neutralization of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 reduced liver granulomatous inflammation and collagen deposition around parasite eggs. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies found that the treatment of primary hepatic stellate cells with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 induced a significant increase of collagen and <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010smooth\u2010muscle actin. Moreover, we also described the dynamics and relevance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 in mice infected with <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>. We found that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 might appear more quickly and at higher levels than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104. Hence, our findings indicated that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 might play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in early\u2010stage schistosomiasis and become a promising approach for regulating hepatic fibrosis caused by <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>japonicum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T14:11:32Z","timestamp":1566483092000},"page":"296-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Interleukin\u20109 blockage reduces early hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis during <i>Schistosoma japonicum<\/i> infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Tingzheng","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou 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