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This evolutionary ancient post\u2010translational modification (PTM) is involved in fundamental processes including DNA repair, inflammation, cell death, differentiation and proliferation, among others. ADP\u2010ribosylation is catalysed by two major families of enzymes: the cholera toxin\u2010like ADP\u2010ribosyltransferases (ARTCs) and the diphtheria toxin\u2010like ADP\u2010ribosyltransferases (ARTDs, also known as PARPs). ARTCs sense and use extracellular NAD, which may represent a danger signal, whereas ARTDs are present in the cell nucleus and\/or cytoplasm. ARTCs mono\u2010ADP\u2010ribosylate their substrates, whereas ARTDs, according to the specific family member, are able to mono\u2010 or poly\u2010ADP\u2010ribosylate target proteins or are devoid of enzymatic activity. Both mono\u2010 and poly\u2010ADP\u2010ribosylation are dynamic processes, as specific hydrolases are able to remove single or polymeric ADP moieties. This dynamic equilibrium between addition and degradation provides plasticity for fast adaptation, a feature being particularly relevant to immune cell functions. ADP\u2010ribosylation regulates differentiation and functions of myeloid, T and B cells. It also regulates the expression of cytokines and chemokines, production of antibodies, isotype switch and the expression of several immune mediators. Alterations in these processes involve ADP\u2010ribosylation in virtually any acute and chronic inflammatory\/immune\u2010mediated disease. Besides, pathogens developed mechanisms to contrast the action of ADP\u2010ribosylating enzymes by using their own hydrolases and\/or to exploit this PTM to sustain their virulence. In the present review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the role of ADP\u2010ribosylation in immunobiology, immune evasion\/subversion by pathogens and immune\u2010mediated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T14:16:02Z","timestamp":1617113762000},"page":"15-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["ADP\u2010ribosylation in evasion, promotion and exacerbation of immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2779-3157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Rosado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant in Immunology Rome 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