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The ocular surface has evolved to keep the cornea smooth and wet, a prerequisite for proper sight, and also protected. To this aim, the ocular surface is a bona fide mucosal niche with an immune system capable of fighting against dangerous pathogens. However, due to the potential harmful effects of uncontrolled inflammation, the ocular surface has several mechanisms to keep the immune response in check. Specifically, the ocular surface is maintained inflammation\u2010free and functional by a particular form of peripheral tolerance known as mucosal tolerance, markedly different from the immune privilege of intraocular structures. Remarkably, conjunctival tolerance is akin to the oral and respiratory tolerance mechanisms found in the gut and airways, respectively. And also similarly, this form of immunoregulation in the eye is affected by ageing just as it is in the digestive and respiratory tracts. With ageing comes an increased prevalence of immune\u2010based ocular surface disorders, which could be related to an age\u2010related impairment of conjunctival tolerance. The purpose of this review was to summarize the present knowledge of ocular mucosal tolerance and how it is affected by the ageing process in the light of the current literature on mucosal immunoregulation of the gut and airways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T08:10:07Z","timestamp":1618042207000},"page":"43-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Age\u2010related changes in ocular mucosal tolerance: Lessons learned from gut and respiratory tract immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5118-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremias G.","family":"Galletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Laboratory Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX) National Academy of Medicine\/CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cintia S.","family":"de Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S188314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00462-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70043-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0919-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00218-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30125-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.9.1264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.12.1359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200118020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318181a947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac5560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0240-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Oral tolerance: recent advances on mechanisms and potential applications","volume":"36","author":"Sricharunrat T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb21119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Decrease in susceptibility to oral tolerance induction and occurrence of oral immunization to ovalbumin in 20\u201338\u2010week\u2010old mice. 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