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ELFs can be found in the meninges of around 40% of the investigated progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)\n                    <jats:italic>post\u2010mortem<\/jats:italic>\n                    brain tissues and are associated with the severity of cortical degeneration and clinical disease progression. Of predominant importance for progressive neuronal damage during the progressive MS phase appears to be meningeal inflammation, comprising diffuse meningeal infiltrates, B\u2010cell aggregates and compartmentalized ELFs. However, the absence of a uniform definition of ELFs impedes reproducible and comparable neuropathological research in this field. In this review article, we will first highlight historical aspects and milestones around the discovery of ELFs in the meninges of progressive MS patients. In the next step, we discuss how animal models may contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying ELF formation. Finally, we summarize challenges in investigating ELFs and propose potential directions for future research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T14:39:40Z","timestamp":1626964780000},"page":"450-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Ectopic lymphoid follicles in progressive multiple sclerosis: From patients to animal models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Jiangshan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy Rostock University Medical Center Rostock Germany"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR) Rostock University Medical Center Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy 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