{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:27:42Z","timestamp":1787506062832,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause lethal cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV\/AIDS. In addition, cryptococcal infections occasionally arise in immunocompetent individuals or those with previously undiagnosed immunodeficiencies. The course of cryptococcosis is highly variable in both patient groups, and there is rapidly growing evidence that genetic polymorphisms may have a significant impact on the trajectory of disease. Here, we review what is currently known about the nature of these polymorphisms and their impact on host response to\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Thus far, polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptors, mannose\u2010binding lectin, Dectin\u20102, Toll\u2010like receptors and macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor have been associated with susceptibility to cryptococcal disease. Notably, however, in some cases the impact of these polymorphisms depends on the genetic background of the population; for example, the\n                    <jats:italic>FCGR3A<\/jats:italic>\n                    158 F\/V polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal disease in both HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative white populations, but not in Han Chinese patients. In most cases, the precise mechanism by which the identified polymorphisms influence disease progression remains unclear, although impaired fungal recognition and phagocytosis by innate immune cells appears to play a major role. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for future research to include more diverse populations in their genetic association studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T09:12:26Z","timestamp":1635585146000},"page":"143-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8292-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinaemerem U.","family":"Onyishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology &amp; Infection School of Biosciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5364-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin C.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology &amp; Infection School of Biosciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.2997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cryptococcal infections in non\u2010HIV\u2010infected patients","volume":"124","author":"Pappas PG","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"bcr2016218461","article-title":"Disseminated cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"2017","author":"Mada P","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in an apparent immunocompetent patient","volume":"7","author":"Poley M","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.7.4620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.6.4067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35092620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02727.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2017.1380200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3713"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760180060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425799"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3030035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700790"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","author":"Li K","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00330-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4994-5000.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.2857-2864.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.9.3446-3450.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.47.1.282-287.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00265-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803243181202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701390140"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.4.1338","article-title":"A single amino acid in the second Ig\u2010like domain of the human Fc gamma receptor II is critical for human IgG2 binding","volume":"147","author":"Warmerdam PA","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.3.1109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117994"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","first-page":"624","article-title":"Role of neutrophil Fc gamma RIIa (CD32) and Fc gamma RIIIb (CD16) polymorphic forms in phagocytosis of human IgG1\u2010 and IgG3\u2010opsonized bacteria and erythrocytes","volume":"83","author":"Bredius RG","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8020030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409001161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00573-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1556150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377234"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4515-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181e53c64"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02835-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506803102"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Toll\u2010like receptor 2 Arg677Trp polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients","volume":"11","author":"Ben\u2010Ali M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-462OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.2162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2018_113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816858.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760180057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00296-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01440-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03028-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0394-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2859-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00121-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1310-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-21"}],"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.13425","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imm.13425","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.13425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:14:29Z","timestamp":1693181669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imm.13425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imm.13425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.13425","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}