{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:46:20Z","timestamp":1789537580084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K17276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K17276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K17359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K17359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nutritional zinc deficiency induces thymic atrophy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of thymic atrophy and fatty degeneration associated with zinc deficiency and its effect on T cell maturation. Building on previous research demonstrating the beneficial effect of IL\u20104 administration or zinc supplementation on the spleen in zinc\u2010deficient rats, we further examined whether these supplements also improve thymic atrophy. Five\u2010week\u2010old male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were fed a standard diet, zinc\u2010deficient diet (n\u00a0=\u00a016 each) with either saline or IL\u20104, or a zinc\u2010deficient diet for 6\u00a0weeks followed by a standard diet for 4\u00a0weeks. Relative thymus weights, serum thymulin concentrations, and the number of cytokeratin\u20108\u2010positive cells, AIRE\u2010positive cells, IL\u20107\u2010positive cells, CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, pre\u2010T cells, and CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD44\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (DN3) cells in the thymus of zinc\u2010deficient rats significantly decreased compared with those in all other groups. Conversely, PPAR\u2010\u03b3\u2013positive cells, oil red O\u2010positive areas, pro T cells, CD25\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD44\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells, TUNEL\u2010positive cells, Viobility 405\/452 Fixable Dye\u2013positive cells, CD68\u2010, CD163\u2010 or CD169\u2010 macrophages, and IL\u20101\u03b2 concentrations were significantly increased in the thymus of zinc\u2010deficient rats as compared to those in the other groups. After IL\u20104 administration or zinc supplementation for zinc deficiency, all the measurement indices were recovered to levels in standard rats. It was demonstrated that zinc deficiency caused thymic atrophy, accompanied by fatty degeneration in the cortical regions and affected T cell maturation. IL\u20104 administration or zinc supplementation for zinc deficiency ameliorated thymic fatty degeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T10:49:33Z","timestamp":1644403773000},"page":"445-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effectiveness of interleukin\u20104 administration or zinc supplementation in improving zinc deficiency\u2013associated thymic atrophy and fatty degeneration and in normalizing T cell maturation process"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2537-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamasa","family":"Kido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine The Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo 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