{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T04:34:31Z","timestamp":1781411671680,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017331","name":"Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age is associated with changes in the immune system which increase the risk for severe COVID\u201019. Here, we investigate SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010reactive CD4 T cells from individuals recovered from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection with mild COVID\u201019 symptoms after 3, 6 and 9 months using incubation with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2009S1, S2 and N\u2010peptide pools, followed by flow cytometry for a Th1\u2010activation profile or proliferation analyses. We found that SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010reactive CD4 T cells are decreasing on average after 9 months but highly polyfunctional CD4 T cells can peak after 6\u2010month recovery. We show that individuals older than 60\u2009years of age have significantly more SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010reactive T cells in their blood after 3 months of recovery compared to younger individuals and that the percentage of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010reactive Th1\u2010directed CD4 T cells in the blood of mild\u2010COVID\u201019\u2010recovered individuals correlates with age. Finally, we show that individuals over the age of 40 have significantly increased the amounts of highly polyfunctional SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010S\u2010peptide\u2010reactive CD4 T cells, compared to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 na\u00efve individuals, than those under the age of 40. These findings suggest that in individuals recovered from mild COVID\u201019, increased age is associated with significantly more highly polyfunctional SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010reactive CD4 T cells with a Th1\u2010profile and that these responses persist over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1649500039000},"page":"327-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of age on the magnitude and longevity of Th1\u2010directed <scp>CD4<\/scp> T\u2010cell responses to <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\u20102"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4263-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Nattrass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Krafft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Zjablovskaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miltenyi Biotec  Bergisch Gladbach Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miltenyi Biotec  Bergisch Gladbach Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Kasmapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miltenyi Biotec  Bergisch Gladbach Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Sarisoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Minich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Streeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00840-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30354-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01049-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502393102"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Immune response to HIV","volume":"8","author":"Perreau M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention [Risk for COVID\u201019 Infection Hospitalization and Death By Age Group] [Cited 2021 July 5]. 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