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This plays a key role in harnessing the transcriptional programs of both innate and adaptive immune cells due to its plasticity and environmental\u2010driven nature, piloting myeloid and lymphoid cell fate decisions with no change in their genomic sequence. In particular, epigenetic marks at the site of lineage\u2010specific transcription factors and maintenance of cell type\u2010specific epigenetic modifications, referred to as \u2018epigenetic memory\u2019, dictate cell differentiation, cytokine production and functional capacity following repeated antigenic exposure in memory T cells. Moreover, metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming occurring during a primary innate immune response leads to enhanced responses to secondary challenges, a phenomenon known as \u2018trained immunity\u2019. Here, we discuss how stable and dynamic epigenetic states control immune cell identity and plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions. Dissecting the regulatory circuits of cell fate determination and maintenance is of paramount importance for understanding the delicate balance between immune cell activation and tolerance, in healthy conditions and in autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T11:54:17Z","timestamp":1661946857000},"page":"451-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Epigenetics: An opportunity to shape innate and adaptive immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Liotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS) National Research Council  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1839-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Lise","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS) National Research Council  Naples Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Loffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS) National Research Council  Naples Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8086-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS) National Research Council  Naples Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"Varricchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS) National Research Council  Naples Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Rella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thoracic Oncology Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0679-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia Teresa","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit and Multiple Sclerosis Center \"A. 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