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However, whether the expression of exhaustion markers on innate\u2010like circulating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells derived from patients with HBV infection correlates with the serum level of vitamin D is not completely understood. In this study, we found that the frequency of circulating V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell and serum levels of vitamin 25(OH)D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> were significantly decreased in patients with HBV. And serum 25(OH)D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> levels in HBV\u2010infected patients were negatively correlated with HBV DNA load and PD\u20101 expression on \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Interestingly, 1\u03b1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> alleviated the exhaustion phenotype of V\u03b42 T cells in HBV\u2010infected patients and promoted IFN\u2010\u03b2 expression in human cytotoxic V\u03b42 T cells in vitro. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that vitamin D plays a pivotal role in reversing \u03b3\u03b4 T\u2010cell exhaustion and is highly promising target for ameliorating HBV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T10:39:33Z","timestamp":1694601573000},"page":"31-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell exhaustion in <scp>HBV<\/scp>\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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