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The fungus <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic> (Cg) and the bacteria <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (Sp) target the same infection organs. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of secondary Sp infection during murine cryptococcosis. Mice infected with Sp after Cg showed significantly increased lethality and a drop in scores of motor behaviour, neuropsychiatric status and autonomous function. Previous Cg infection favoured Sp multiplication in the lungs, causing intense inflammation and necrosis, with further increased bacterial translocation to the spleen, liver and brain. This phenotype was associated with increased platelet\u2010activating factor receptor (<jats:italic>Pafr<\/jats:italic>) gene expression, reduced M1 macrophage recruitment, and high levels of proinflammatory mediators. Strategies to overcome early mortality (i.e., infection of <jats:italic>Pafr<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice, treatment with IL\u20101 inhibitor or corticoid) were insufficient to revert this phenotype. These results suggest that Cg infection makes the lung microenvironment favourable for Sp colonization and dissemination. Altogether, it leads to an exacerbated and ineffective inflammatory response, decisive for the increased morbidity and mortality during coinfection. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of more studies addressing coinfections and their consequences in the host, aiming to establish more effective therapeutical strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T02:55:16Z","timestamp":1697079316000},"page":"92-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Secondary <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> infection increases morbidity and mortality during murine cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara A.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia\/Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo J. 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