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There are sex differences in the clinical manifestations between men and women, with the average age of onset being around 55\u2009years and the majority of female patients developing the disease during the menopausal years. Understanding the impact of sex differences on SS may help in the treatment and prognosis of patients. Studies have confirmed that a number of factors are associated with the onset of SS, but the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Sex hormones (especially oestrogens and androgens) play a very important role, and the balance of sex hormone levels in the body is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the acinar cells of the lacrimal and salivary glands. In addition, chromosomes play a very important role in the sex differences in SS. The gut microbiota also has some influence on sex differences in SS. In this review, we focus on oestrogens and androgens, which are important in the pathogenesis of SS, and summarize the progress of non\u2010clinical studies. Sex differences may influence differences in individualized treatment regimens and further studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T10:24:11Z","timestamp":1703845451000},"page":"513-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Impact of sex differences on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis of <scp>Sj\u00f6gren's<\/scp> syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhao","family":"Xuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti\u2010inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti\u2010Infammatory and lmmune Medicine  Hefei Anhui Province 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