{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T14:21:48Z","timestamp":1788618108802,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023JJ70054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ70054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Itaconic acid and its metabolites have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in various immune diseases. Originating from the tricarboxylic acid cycle in immune cells, itaconic acid can modulate immune responses, diminish inflammation, and combat oxidative stress. Recent research has uncovered multiple mechanisms through which itaconic acid exerts its effects, including the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production, activation of anti\u2010inflammatory pathways, and modulation of immune cell function by regulating cellular metabolism. Cellular actions are influenced by the modulation of metabolic pathways, such as inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity or glycolysis, activation of nuclear\u2010factor\u2010E2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2), boosting cellular defences against oxidative stress, and suppression of immune cell inflammation through the NF\u2010\u03baB pathway. This comprehensive review discusses the initiation, progression, and mechanisms of action of itaconic acid and its metabolites, highlighting their modulatory effects on various immune cell types. Additionally, it examines their involvement in immune disease like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune hepatitis, offering greater understanding for creating new therapies for these ailments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T22:15:52Z","timestamp":1731622552000},"page":"189-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Metabolic Regulation of Inflammation: Exploring the Potential Benefits of Itaconate in Autoimmune Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Yin","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hengyang Medical School, University of South China  Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hengyang Medical School, University of South China  Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe\u2010Zhen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hengyang Medical School, University of South China  Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan\u2010Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hengyang Medical School, University of South China  Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5916-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u2010Di","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hengyang Medical School, University of South China  Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin\u2010Hua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hengyang Medical School, University of South China  Hengyang Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13668-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-018-0014-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0052-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218599110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00172150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6GC00605A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2070889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI148548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0210-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C117.775270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.669308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0128-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34306-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)63691-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64421-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13909"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13078-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-019-0323-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00801-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9101025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00177-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0294-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade3782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0509-497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02738"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02185-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409770200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abm9811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08922"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350418"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg0654"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00853-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.10.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32871-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.312355.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36594-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aba9600"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43988-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00676-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42284"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00462-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30237-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00668-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202006020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","first-page":"508","article-title":"Novel Biological Treatments for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current and Future Modalities","volume":"14","author":"Bezalel S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Israel Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-69"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","first-page":"857","article-title":"Lipidomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Novel Candidate Biomarkers in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Li Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000943117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27860"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.709178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12854"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10060241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01142-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16013"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"0140","author":"Jakimovski D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.098020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01768-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753\u2010024\u201002050\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110915"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/345632a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00626-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u201cAutoimmune Hepatitis \u201dNature Reviews.Disease Primers4 (2018): 18018.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070201","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis","volume":"380","author":"Muratori L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17551"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5766434"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/540S97a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990416"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0291-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4665"}],"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.13875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T19:15:50Z","timestamp":1736450150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imm.13875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imm.13875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.13875","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}