{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:34:08Z","timestamp":1781620448982,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccines have been proven to be one of the safest and most effective ways to prevent and combat diseases. However, the main focus has been on the evaluation of the potency of effector mechanisms and the lack of adverse effects of vaccine candidates. Recently, the importance of induced regulatory mechanisms of the immune system after vaccination has come to light. With the increase in our knowledge about these regulatory mechanisms including the regulatory T cells (Tregs), we have come to understand the significance of this arm of the immune system in controlling immunopathology and\/or diminishing the effectiveness of vaccines, especially viral vaccines. Tregs play a dual role during infectious diseases by limiting immune\u2010mediated pathology and also contributing to chronic pathogen persistence by decreasing effector immunity and clearance of infection. Tregs may also affect immune responses after vaccination primarily by inhibiting antigen presenting cell function such as cytokine secretion and co\u2010stimulatory molecule expression as well as effector T (Teff) and B cell function. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the induction of Tregs after several life\u2010threatening virus infections and their available vaccines to bring them to the spotlight and emphasise that studying viral\u2010induced antigen\u2010specific Tregs will help us improve the effectiveness and decrease the immunopathology or side effects of viral vaccines.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04357444\">NCT04357444<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T07:38:21Z","timestamp":1746603501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Induction of Regulatory T Cells After Virus Infection and Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6815-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MansourehKarimi","family":"Kakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrnoosh","family":"Doroudchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AtefeGhamar","family":"Talepoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"},{"name":"Autoimmune Diseases Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.057","article-title":"New Viral Vaccines","volume":"344","author":"Arvin A. 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