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We hypothesised that antibiotic treatment disrupts tryptophan metabolism, leading to increased susceptibility to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infection. Our results showed that mice receiving antibiotics exhibited intestinal dysbiosis with alterations in host tryptophan metabolism, a higher mortality rate and a higher bacterial load compared to eubiotic mice. In the lungs of the dysbiotic mice, there was an increase in IDO1 (Indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase 1) activity and an accumulation of kynurenine after infection, and IDO1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice were resistant to infection after induction of dysbiosis. Importantly, dysbiosis led to increased expression and activation of AHR (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor) in an IDO1\u2010dependent manner. Blocking AHR activation in dysbiotic mice resulted in a lower bacterial load. Our data showed that increased AHR activation by kynurenine was associated with decreased phagocytosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> by macrophages and neutrophils. In conclusion, our results indicate that dysbiosis resulting from prolonged antimicrobial treatment alters tryptophan metabolism, leading to activation of the IDO1\u2013AHR axis and increasing susceptibility to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infection. Furthermore, these data suggest that IDO1 or AHR are potential host targets for the prevention of opportunistic infections in patients undergoing antimicrobial therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T09:46:38Z","timestamp":1747647998000},"page":"453-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antibiotic\u2010Induced Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota Shifts Host Tryptophan Metabolism and Increases the Susceptibility of Mice to Pulmonary Infection With <scp><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Camila Bernardo","family":"de Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Duque","family":"do Nascimento Arifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"de Oliveira Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Dias Ig\u00eddio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Maria","family":"de Amorim\u2010Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Clara Paiva","family":"de Menezes Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Mendes","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Pezzini","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo\u2010Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Marcely Gomes","family":"Cassiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou (IRR) \u2010 FIOCRUZ. 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