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Studies have highlighted their critical role in modulating immune response, particularly in the context of autoimmune diseases, viral infections and cancer. Unlike type I IFNs, which are broadly expressed, IFN\u2010\u03bb displays a more tissue\u2010specific expression pattern, predominantly acting on epithelial cells and certain immune cell types, such as neutrophils and B cells. This specificity allows IFN\u2010\u03bb to play a pivotal role in mucosal immunity, particularly at barrier sites, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Emerging evidence suggests that IFN\u2010\u03bb has a dual role in both enhancing antiviral immunity and regulating inflammation, thus offering a promising therapeutic strategy for diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and various cancers. However, the precise mechanisms by which IFN\u2010\u03bb influence immune modulation and disease progression remain an area of active investigation. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure, function and signalling pathways of IFN\u2010\u03bb, exploring their role in immune\u2010related diseases and discussing potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T06:22:25Z","timestamp":1748326945000},"page":"197-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<scp>IFN<\/scp>\u2010\u03bb: Unleashing Its Potential in Disease Therapies From Acute Inflammation Regulation to Cancer Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Benfeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine Jining Medical University  Jining China"},{"name":"Jining Key Laboratory of Immunology Jining Medical University  Jining 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