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This study investigates the therapeutic potential of oral tolerance (OT) induced by a genetically modified strain of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) producing heat shock protein 65 (HSP65) from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in a murine model of CL. BALB\/c mice were infected with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and treated orally with HSP65\u2010producing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    or control\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (empty vector) for four consecutive days, starting at 4\u2009weeks post\u2010infection. Mice receiving HSP65\u2010producing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    showed reduced lesion size and parasite burden. Cytokine analysis in draining lymph nodes revealed a shift from a pro\u2010inflammatory IFN\u2010\u03b3 response to an increased IL\u201010 production, correlating with milder inflammation and less tissue damage. Additionally, the treatment promoted an increase in regulatory T cells (Tregs), including CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    FOXP3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    LAP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (membrane\u2010associated TGF\u2010\u03b2) cells in the draining lymph nodes. This therapeutic effect was not observed in a more severe model of CL using Leishmania major. This study underscores the potential of oral tolerance induction using HSP65\u2010producing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as a promising immunoregulatory therapeutic approach for some chronic inflammatory infections, mainly those that display a primed balance in immune response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T05:41:07Z","timestamp":1754026867000},"page":"59-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Treatment With Heat Shock Protein 65\u2010Producing\n                    <i>Lactococcus lactis<\/i>\n                    Induces Regulatory T Cells, Modulating Inflammatory Response in\n                    <i>Leishmania braziliensis<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Mattos","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Host\u2010Pathogen Interaction and Epidemiology (LAIPHE) Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation  Salvador Bahia Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1943-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00cdtalo","family":"da Silva Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Host\u2010Pathogen Interaction and Epidemiology (LAIPHE) Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation  Salvador Bahia Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luiza das Neves","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Host\u2010Pathogen Interaction 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