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Nevertheless, the surface markers that define CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CTLs remain incompletely characterised, which limits their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. In this study, we investigate CD319 (SLAMF7) and GPR56 as potential surface markers of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CTLs, with a focus on their cytotoxic functions and relevance in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (pSS). Using single\u2010cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we detected strong co\u2010expression of GPR56 with cytotoxic effector molecules such as granzyme B in CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Notably, pSS patients showed an elevated frequency of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GPR56\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, which was associated with disease severity, indicating their potential contribution to pSS pathogenesis. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct gene expression profiles between CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GPR56\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GPR56\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, with enriched pathways related to immune activation and cytotoxicity. Together, our results identify GPR56 as a novel and functionally significant surface marker for CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CTLs, providing new insights into their role in autoimmune disorders and their potential for targeted therapeutic strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T12:16:17Z","timestamp":1764591377000},"page":"713-724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<scp>GPR56<\/scp>\n                    Outperforms\n                    <scp>CD319<\/scp>\n                    as a Discriminative Marker for\n                    <scp>CD4<\/scp>\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Is Elevated in Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junru","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University Health Science Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayibaota","family":"Bahabayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing 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