{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:05:15Z","timestamp":1790805915506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A fully mass\u2010standardised quantitative comparative analysis of the differential antibody binding to spike variant proteins to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 has been performed for the variants: Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and the Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, BA.4 and BA.5. Evolution of immunity through five patient cohorts (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009148 in total) was studied including pre\u2010pandemic, first infection, first vaccine, second vaccine and triple\u2010vaccinated cohorts. A population of immunity endotypes has been observed and is classified against a recovery antibody threshold, with concentrations below this threshold being regarded as a \u2018dropout\u2019: U(+) showing protection to all variants; U(\u00b1) with single, double, triple and further dropout endotypes; and U(\u2212) with all variant concentrations being under the threshold. The U(+) incidence rises significantly following multiple rounds of vaccination reaching an (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200941) incidence of 54% (95% CI 39%\u201368%) suggesting between half and three\u2010quarters of the population have universal variant vaccine antibody protection. The U(+) epitopes are targeted preferentially to the S1 region. U(\u00b1), with at least one dropout, has an incidence of 42% (95% CI 28%\u201357%), an immunity gap. Further, a U(\u2212) sub\u2010cohort of the population up to 13% does not make antibodies above the threshold and may not have a sterilising serum leading to persistent virus and a risk of Long COVID.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T23:35:33Z","timestamp":1765323333000},"page":"798-809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mass\u2010Standardised Differential Antibody Binding to a Spectrum of\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Variant Spike Proteins: Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.4\/5, BA.2.75 and BA.2.12.1 Variants\u2014Antibody Immunity Endotypes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip H.","family":"James\u2010Pemberton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"},{"name":"Attomarker Ltd  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivali","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attomarker Ltd  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Twynham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Westlake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attomarker Ltd  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3670-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Antill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouslan V.","family":"Olkhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attomarker Ltd  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-3691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"},{"name":"Attomarker Ltd  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr6896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00878-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02092-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01705-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2022440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00872-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","article-title":"Mass\u2010Standardised Quantitative Measurements of the Antibody Levels for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Beyond Correlates of Protection and Clearance","author":"James\u2010Pemberton P. 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