{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T21:14:25Z","timestamp":1783977265383,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) have an increased risk of bacterial coinfections, including ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia (VAP), bloodstream infections (BSI) and catheter\u2010associated urinary tract infections (CA\u2010UTI). The objective was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and spectrum of bacterial coinfections in patients with COVID\u201019 admitted to the ICU. It is a single\u2010centre retrospective cohort study. Data from 201 patients with COVID\u201019 admitted to the University Clinical Intensive Care Hospital in Bialystok, Poland, between March 2020 and July 2021 were analysed. The prevalence of coinfections, risk factors and causative agents were assessed. Objective comparisons of data were performed by evaluating related studies and reviews. Bacterial coinfections developed in 70% of the 201 patients studied. The most frequent types were VAP, occurring in 47.5% of patients with bacterial coinfections, BSI and CA\u2010UTI. Prolonged ventilatory support (mean duration of 13.3\u2009days in the bacterial coinfection group) and prolonged ICU stay (mean of 15.3\u2009days) were associated with an increased risk of these infections. The predominant pathogens were\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    extended spectrum beta\u2010lactamases (ESBL) being the most frequently isolated pathogen after 48\u2009h of ICU admission, detected in 121 instances. Bacterial coinfections are common in COVID\u201019 patients in the ICU and are associated with specific risk factors and pathogens. Vigilant monitoring, antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention measures are needed to improve patient outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:40:53Z","timestamp":1768488053000},"page":"231-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bacterial Coinfection in Critically Ill Patients With\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7749-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bartoszewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medical University of Bialystok  Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Wilczyk\u2010Chrostek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medical University of Bialystok  Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir Lech","family":"Czaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medical University of Bialystok  Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy Robert","family":"\u0141adny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Medical University of Bialystok  Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Krysik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Medical University of Bialystok  Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Coronavirus Pandemic \u201cWorldometer \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26795"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001911"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001350"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1195048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000895"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2022.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070894"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Bacterial and Fungal Coinfection in Individuals With Coronavirus: A Rapid Review to Support COVID\u201019 Antimicrobial Prescribing","volume":"71","author":"Rawson T. 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