{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:18:49Z","timestamp":1792448329517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JA 1479\/14\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JA 1479\/14\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010127","name":"J\u00fcrgen Manchot Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOI\u20105 graduate school"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOI\u20105 graduate school"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010127","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pulmonary tuberculosis in humans is characterised by features of immunopathology, which influence both antimycobacterial therapy and the long\u2010term prognosis. In the blood of tuberculosis patients, immunopathology manifests itself in reduced immune responses to mitogenic substances. Previous studies have demonstrated the influence of tuberculosis serum on T\u2010cell and monocyte function, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we performed a case\/control study to analyse the influence of tuberculosis serum milieu changes on (i) T\u2010cell stimulation (using Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B), (ii) monocyte stimulation (using the Toll\u2010like receptor agonist Pam3CSK4), (iii) T\u2010cell\/monocyte interaction characterised by the response against the lectin phytohemagglutinin, by using a novel peripheral blood mononuclear cell in\u00a0vitro assay. Cell\u2010specific activation marker and cytokine expression were determined by multicolor flow cytometry. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B mainly induced cytokine expression by T cells, while Pam3CSK4 stimulated monocytes to secrete distinct cytokine signatures. Phytohemagglutinin induced activation and cytokine expression in both T cells and monocytes. Notably, tuberculosis patient serum samples affected exclusively phytohemagglutinin stimulated T\u2010cell responses and particularly activation marker as well as CD40L\/IL\u20102 positive CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\u2010cell subsets were decreased as compared to serum from healthy contacts. Neither Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B\u2010mediated T\u2010cell stimulation nor phytohemagglutinin or Pam3CSK4 induced monocyte cytokines (i.e., Interleukin\u20106, Interleukin\u20108, Tumour Necrosis Factor\u2010\u03b1) were affected by the tuberculosis patients' serum samples. These results highlight the immunosuppressive influence of the tuberculosis serum milieu, which specifically reduced T\u2010cell responses to phytohemagglutinin, probably through impaired function of the accessory monocytes required for stimulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:07:22Z","timestamp":1773007642000},"page":"494-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blood Immunopathology of Tuberculosis Patients Disrupts Monocyte\u2010Dependent T\u2010Cell Activation and Cytokine Expression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  Duesseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert S.","family":"Ahor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  Duesseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika M.","family":"Vivekanandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  Duesseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Difery","family":"Minadzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent","family":"Lamptey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3817-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8169-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert D.","family":"Kegya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejoice","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda A.","family":"Amoakoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Adankwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcas O.","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agogo Presbyterian Hospital  Agogo Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2257-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrick Gyamfi","family":"Apraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi South Government Hospital  Atonsu Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0961-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana K.","family":"Ayisi\u2010Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KNUST Hospital  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Adane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atebubu\u2010Amantin Municipal Hospital  Atebubu Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salisu","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sene West Health Directorate  Kwame Danso Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ertan","family":"Mayatepek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  Duesseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Seyfarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  Duesseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard O.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4703-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  Duesseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13761"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2018.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00695-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.116.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(70)90269-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1978.tb00403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"827","article-title":"Cell\u2010Mediated Immunity in Anergic Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"118","author":"McMurray D. N.","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01753-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-01977-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Using TBAg\/PHA Ratio for Monitoring TB Treatment: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"11","author":"Wang X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01518"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13659"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149661"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1170821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Abnormalities of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Rawson A. J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Impaired Blastogenic Response of Lymphocytes From Synovial Fluid and Peripheral Blood of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Hepburn B.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Screening of Cellular Immunity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis by Phytohaemagglutinin Skin Test","volume":"6","author":"Kacaki J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Cellular Immune Reactivity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Effects of Levamisole","volume":"4","author":"Basch C. M.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Levamisole and Cellular Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2013Clinical and Laboratory Correlates","volume":"4","author":"Levy J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement"}],"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.70131","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imm.70131","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.70131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:51:38Z","timestamp":1780879898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imm.70131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imm.70131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.70131","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}