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Nevertheless, a high degree of tumour immune heterogeneity and an ongoing immunosuppressive the tumour microenvironment (TME) remain as limitations to therapeutic outcomes, and alternative methods to stimulate antitumor immunity are necessary. Given these limitations, recent researchers has been attracted to the fact that\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its derivatives can be considered as unconventional parasite\u2010derived immunomodulatory vectors in cancer immunotherapy.\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection triggers strong Th1 immunity mediated on interleukin\u201012 (IL\u201012) and interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3), promotes dendritic cell maturation, and activates cytotoxic T cells, thus reprogramming the TME to a more immunostimulatory condition. Attenuated or metabolic\u2010deficient strains have shown strong antitumor efficacy in various murine tumour models by reducing tumour burden and prolonging host survival. Meanwhile, the effector proteins of the parasite, such as GRA15, GRA16, and ROP18, regulate immune cell function to induce tumour cell apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, and suppress metastasis. The\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected cell\u2010derived exosomes and\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    lysate antigens are also immunogenic and represent safer, non\u2010infectious therapeutic alternatives. Here, we summarise the latest advances in the antitumor effects of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its derivatives, focusing on immune activation, signalling regulation, direct antitumor effects, synergistic immunotherapy, potential for drug development, and challenges in future clinical translation.\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its derivatives have shown the potential to reshape TME and convert \u2018cold\u2019 tumours into \u2018hot\u2019 ones in murine cancer models. We believe that with further research in this field, the future of cancer immunotherapy will see breakthrough advancements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:44:35Z","timestamp":1778474675000},"page":"633-649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Potential Function of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in Tumour Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7282-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiexing","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi\u2010Guo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luodan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, University Town  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5372-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China;  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Liver Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Liver Fibrosis Engineering and Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680838"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568\u2010024\u201000705\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1212476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"The Toxins of William B. 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