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To date, these studies have predominantly focussed on senescence in epithelial cells, such as hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, and senescence in liver endothelial cells remains largely understudied. Here, we utilise publicly available single\u2010cell RNA\u2010sequencing data, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining to detect senescent endothelial cells within chronically diseased human liver tissues. Next, we develop a novel protocol for the induction of paracrine senescence in primary human liver endothelial cells and explore their functionality. We demonstrate that senescent liver endothelial cells exhibit a reduced scavenging capacity but are still able to support lymphocyte recruitment under physiological flow conditions in\u00a0vitro. Mechanistically, we determine that inducible T cell costimulator ligand (ICOSL) is an important factor in the specific recruitment of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, but antibody blockade, genetic knockdown and genetic overexpression of ICOSL in endothelial cells has no effect on CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell recruitment. Finally, we show that ICOSL gene expression is upregulated in chronically diseased tissues, present in scar\u2010associated endothelial cells and correlates to CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell infiltration. This is the first study to demonstrate that senescent human liver endothelial cells can potentially shape the liver immune microenvironment in chronic liver disease. Targeting senescent endothelial cells could present new therapeutic opportunities to treat chronic liver diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T01:35:43Z","timestamp":1782092143000},"page":"149-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Senescent Human Liver Endothelial Cells Mediate\n                    <scp>CD4<\/scp>\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T Cell Recruitment via\n                    <scp>ICOSL<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Patten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Lumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex L.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayla","family":"O\u2019Keeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRUK Cambridge Institute University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Shirgaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRUK Scotland Institute  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRUK Scotland Institute  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramanuj","family":"DasGupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRUK Scotland Institute  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRUK Cambridge Institute University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Early Cancer Institute, Hutchison Research Centre University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shishir","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine  Birmingham 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