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Mechanism of immune evasion involved modulation of immune related cytokines, modulation of tumour microenvironment and immune checkpoints. Intrinsic workings of these mechanisms lead to a network of \u2018on\u2019 and \u2018off\u2019 switches which could modulate immune activity. Interestingly in leukaemia, a complex network is involved as immune masking occurred concomitantly with leukaemogenesis within the same microenvironment, which makes immune evasion a more elusive hallmark for this disease. Dysregulation of these mechanisms not only facilitates disease persistence and progression but also contributes to resistance against conventional therapies. Therefore, understanding the role of leukaemic immune checkpoints is essential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving the efficacy of immunomodulatory treatment strategies. Here, we focus on the leukaemic immune checkpoints as these consist of crucial surface molecules, receptors, ligands, and immunosuppressive cells which interact within the tumour environment to enable leukaemia to elude immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:45:13Z","timestamp":1782283513000},"page":"236-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Checkpoints in Leukaemia as Gatekeepers of Immuno\u2010Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Jeyrubini","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Pusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang Zi","family":"Khor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Pusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maheswaran","family":"Solayappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Pusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang Malaysia"},{"name":"The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus  George Town Pulau Pinang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thevendran","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University  Bedong Kedah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah  Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Yik","family":"Mot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University  Bedong Kedah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8135-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed)  Iskandar Puteri Johor Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norashikin","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8506-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norfarazieda","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Pusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Azlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Pusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2939-8473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Jairaj","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Pusat Kanser Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"\u201cIn Brief: How Does the Immune System Work? 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