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Soluble immune checkpoints (sICs) may serve as key immune regulators and potential biomarkers in transplantation. In this study, frozen serum samples from kidney transplant recipients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930) at pre\u2010transplantation (day 0) and post\u2010transplantation (days 3 and 7), along with samples from healthy controls (HCs,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915), were analysed for sICs (sCD25, s4\u20101BB, sCD86, active TGF\u2010\u03b21, sCTLA\u20104, sPD\u2010L1, sPD\u20101, sTIM\u20103, sLAG\u20103, galectin\u20109, sCD27, and sPD\u2010L2) using a flow cytometry\u2010based multiplex bead assay. To assess alloimmune sensitisation, anti\u2010HLA panel\u2010reactive antibody (PRA) levels were measured in transplant recipients. Kidney function was evaluated retrospectively by serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, CKD\u2010EPI). All data were analysed to investigate their associations with kidney function. Pre\u2010transplant patients had significantly higher serum levels of sCD25, sPD\u2010L1, sTIM\u20103, Galectin\u20109, sCD27, and sPD\u2010L2 compared to HCs. Post\u2010transplant, sCD25, sPD\u2010L1, sTIM\u20103, Galectin\u20109, sCD27, sPD\u2010L2, and sCD86 showed significant temporal changes. Conversely, s4\u20101BB, sLAG\u20103, sCTLA\u20104, active TGF\u2010\u03b21, and sPD\u20101 levels showed no temporal changes and were comparable to HCs. Notably, PRA\u2010positive patients exhibited higher sTIM\u20103 levels. Correlation and subgroup analyses based on eGFR revealed that higher levels sLAG\u20103 and sCTLA\u20104 levels were associated with better kidney function, while higher sCD25 and Galectin\u20109 levels were linked with poorer function. These findings suggest a link between sICs and renal function in the early post\u2010transplant period, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to evaluate their clinical utility in improving transplant outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:17:56Z","timestamp":1783480676000},"page":"269-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soluble Immune Checkpoints and Anti\u2010\n                    <scp>HLA<\/scp>\n                    Antibodies in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associations With Kidney Function"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1466-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemil","family":"Pehlivano\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences Istanbul University  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine 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