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Beyond its classical role in energy storage, AT actively regulates local and systemic immune responses through the production of adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. Among adipose\u2010resident immune cells, B lymphocytes have emerged as multifaceted regulators of tissue inflammation, remodelling, and metabolic function. Distinct B cell subsets populate adipose depots and exert diverse activities, including antibody production, cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In obesity, aging, and chronic inflammatory conditions, AT undergoes profound immunological remodelling characterised by altered adipokine signalling, inflammasome activation, recruitment of inflammatory immune cells, and production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Conventional B\u20102 cells, double\u2010negative B cells, and T\u2010bet\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    age\u2010associated B cells generally promote inflammatory responses and insulin resistance through secretion of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and IgG autoantibodies, whereas regulatory B cells and innate\u2010like B\u20101 cells exert protective effects through IL\u201010 production and natural IgM antibodies. This review summarises current knowledge regarding the development, localisation, and functional specialisation of AT\u2010resident B cell populations and examines the molecular mechanisms governing adipocyte\u2013B cell crosstalk, including adipokine signalling, chemokine\u2010mediated migration, antigen presentation, and inflammasome\u2010associated pathways. It further discusses how dysregulation of these interactions contributes to metabolic inflammation, autoimmunity, and AT remodelling, and highlights emerging therapeutic strategies targeting B cell signalling and trafficking pathways in obesity\u2010associated metabolic disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1785138675000},"page":"350-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["B Lymphocytes in the Adipose Tissue Microenvironment: Multifaceted Roles in Inflammation and Metabolic Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moncef","family":"Zouali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University  Taichung 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