{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:48Z","timestamp":1791337908165,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue\u2010resident immune cells that functionally mirror CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T helper (Th)1, Th2 and Th17 cells, and are accordingly classified as ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. Additional members of the ILC family include lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Abundant at barrier surfaces, ILCs are among the first responders to pathogens, contributing to tissue homeostasis and adaptive immunity. This systematic review, conducted following PRISMA guidelines, synthesises human clinical evidence on ILCs in autoimmune, allergic and infectious diseases. Relevant peer\u2010reviewed articles published up to December 2025 were identified across major databases. From 2545 initial records, 170 were selected for full\u2010text evaluation and 135 were ultimately included. Findings were heterogeneous, with the most consistent evidence demonstrating: (i) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a plasticity\u2010driven shift from protective IL\u201022\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ILC3s to pathogenic IFN\u2010\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ILC1s compromises mucosal barrier integrity; (ii) in multiple sclerosis, enrichment of regulatory CD56bright NK cells marks clinical success, while Group 3 ILCs are implicated in meningeal ectopic lymphoid neogenesis; (iii) in systemic lupus erythematosus, expanded IFN\u2010\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ILC1s correlate with disease severity and amplify pathogenic Type I interferon responses; and (iv) in allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis), activated ILC2s drive self\u2010perpetuating inflammatory circuits and tissue remodelling. Future studies should address potential sources of heterogeneity and establish a consensus regarding the role of ILCs in disease pathogenesis to enhance their potential as targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1790823960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Autoimmune, Allergic and Infectious Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3681-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luan F.","family":"L\u00fcckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC)  Crici\u00fama Santa Catarina Brazil"},{"name":"Brusque University Center (UNIFEBE)  Brusque Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2604-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique R.","family":"Dal\u2010Pizzol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS)  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9434-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise M.","family":"L\u00fcckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Santa Catarina (UNOESC)  Joa\u00e7aba Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7766-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davi E.","family":"Salini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS)  Porto Alegre Rio 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Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Barichello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC)  Crici\u00fama Santa Catarina Brazil"},{"name":"Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas 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