{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1790834529018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acetylcholine (ACh) exhibits immunomodulatory functions beyond its conventional role as a neurotransmitter. T\u2010cells possess the highest expression of cholinergic machinery, suggesting that the cholinergic system exists and may be important within the immune structure and function. The aim of this review was to examine the literature on ACh and its role and function in T\u2010cells as a foundation for understanding the immunomodulatory effects on T\u2010cells. A three\u2010stage search strategy was conducted across three major databases. Non\u2010English publications and articles published before 1990 were excluded. Screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Sixty\u2010six articles met the inclusion criteria. Over half (53%) were laboratory\u2010based studies. Fifty\u2010five studies investigated the physiological functions of cholinergic T\u2010cells, and 30 studies explored systemic effects of cholinergic T\u2010cell activity. Landmark studies from the 1990s revealed far\u2010reaching implications of nonneuronal ACh in immune regulation and confirmed the critical role of ACh in T\u2010cell function. However, the key mechanistic pathways remained underexplored warranting further investigation. Based on these studies we propose an underlying mechanism that could harness the full potential of cholinergic immune signalling, and unravel the immunomodulatory pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:53:10Z","timestamp":1790833990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Interactions Between Acetylcholine and T\u2010Cells and Their Role in the Immune System: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1253-3433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarita","family":"Lay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Manolios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology Westmead Hospital  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. Always Learning","author":"Martini F.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010020711\u2010075015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960\u20105428(96)00018\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effect of Acetylcholine on in Vitro IL\u20102 Production and NK Cell Cytotoxicity of Rats","volume":"37","author":"Qiu Y. H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165\u20105728(97)00155\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/30686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2010.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102567.2002.01391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0197\u201084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2142801"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Peters M. D. J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18\u20100850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084564"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212476120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.113.088484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000363255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016\u20105085(19)39829\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.S279228"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FM0070109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296\u2010008\u20100723\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2012.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016\u20105085(14)61041\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1106\u201004.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15693910260698320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/1390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304\u20103940(98)00921\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024\u20103205(03)00072\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165\u20105728(97)00195\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165\u20105728(02)00325\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010025\u201002144\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation in Health and Disease I","author":"Kawashima K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(20000401)49:1<47::AID-JEMT6>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Role of Mediatophore in Connection With Proteins of the Active Zone in Synaptic Transmission","volume":"49","author":"Morel N.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microscopy Research and Technique"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303525120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163\u20107258(99)00071\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2000.6503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753\u2010020\u201001396\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0209106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.85.11","article-title":"An Independent Non\u2010Neuronal Cholinergic System in Lymphocytes","volume":"85","author":"Fujii T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010025\u201002144\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.113665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0906544"}],"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.70204","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imm.70204","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.70204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:53:17Z","timestamp":1790833997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imm.70204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imm.70204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.70204","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"imm.70204"}}