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This leads to activation and recruitment or more target cells for perpetuating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, resulting in persistent, high\u2010level viral replication in lymphoid tissues, rapid evolution of resistant strains, and continued evasion of immune responses. However, vaccine studies and studies of spontaneous controllers are finally providing correlates of immunity from protection and disease progression, including virus\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses, binding anti\u2010bodies, innate immune responses, and generation of antibodies with potent antibody\u2010dependent cell\u2010mediated cytotoxicity activity. Emerging correlates of immunity indicate that prevention of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection may be possible through effective vaccine strategies that protect and stimulate key regulatory cells and immune responses in susceptible hosts. 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