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These 19\u201322 nucleotide <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> molecules are critical regulators of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> translation and turnover. The mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s bind via a protein complex to the 3\u2032 untranslated region (3\u2032 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTR<\/jats:styled-content>) of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>, ultimately leading to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> translational inhibition, degradation, or repression. Although many mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) infection eventually induces catastrophic immune destruction have been elucidated, the important role that mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s play in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 pathogenesis is only now emerging. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that changes to endogenous mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels following infection is important: in maintaining <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 latency in resting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, potentially affect immune function via changes to cytokines such as interleukin\u20102 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and may predict disease progression. We review the roles that both viral and host mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s play in different cell types and disease conditions that are important in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 infection and discuss how mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s affect key immunomodulatory molecules contributing to immune dysfunction. Further, we discuss whether mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s may be used as novel biomarkers in serum and the potential to modulate mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels as a unique approach to combating this pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]],"date-time":"2013-06-17T01:54:41Z","timestamp":1371434081000},"page":"265-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["mi<scp>RNA<\/scp>s and <scp>HIV<\/scp>: unforeseen determinants of host\u2010pathogen interaction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Retrovirology Applied and Developmental Research Directorate (ADD) Science Application International Corporation (SAIC)\u2010Frederick, Inc. 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