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Maternal and fetal cells intermingle at the site of placental attachment in the uterus, where the arteries are remodeled to supply the fetus with oxygen and nutrients. This access by placental cells to the maternal supply line determines the growth and birth weight of the baby and is subject to stabilizing selection. Invading placental trophoblast cells express human leukocyte antigen class I ligands (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010E, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010G, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C) for receptors on maternal uterine natural killer (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>) and myelomonocytic cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>94\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG<\/jats:styled-content>2, leukocyte immunoglobulin\u2010like receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LILR<\/jats:styled-content>), and killer immunoglobulin receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIR<\/jats:styled-content>). Of these, only the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIR<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C system is highly polymorphic. Different combinations of maternal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIR<\/jats:styled-content> and fetal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C variants are correlated with low birth weight and pre\u2010eclampsia or high birth weight and obstructed labor, the two extremes of the obstetric dilemma. This situation has arisen because of the evolution of bipedalism and subsequently, in the last million years, larger brains. At this point, the human system began to reach a balance between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIR<\/jats:styled-content> A and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KIR<\/jats:styled-content> B haplotypes and C1 and C2 epitopes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C alleles that reflects a functional compromise between the competing demands of immunity and reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T20:17:38Z","timestamp":1439929058000},"page":"283-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Co\u2010evolution of <scp>NK<\/scp> receptors and <scp>HLA<\/scp> ligands in humans is driven by reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Moffett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Centre for Trophoblast 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