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These settings have in common the persistence of antigen, especially cytomegalovirus infection but also more recently adenoviral vector vaccination. However, in contrast to chronic infections which lead to \u201cexhaustion\u201d the repeated antigen encounters experienced by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells lead to development of a robust T\u2010cell population structure which maintains functionality and size. In this review, I will discuss how the ideas around this form of memory have evolved over time and some new models which can help explain how these populations are induced and sustained. These models are relevant to immunity against persistent viruses, to novel vaccine strategies and to concepts about aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T11:21:39Z","timestamp":1523964099000},"page":"99-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["The (gradual) rise of memory inflation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4307-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Klenerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology Unit University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.4.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.5.2255-2264.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-012-0273-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.4.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362758a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aae0491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.1.482","article-title":"The cytolytic T lymphocyte response to the murine cytomegalovirus. 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