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They arise in about 1\u00a0week and can persist for several months. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>s, B cells differentiate in a unique way and begin to undergo somatic mutation of the Ig V regions at a high rate. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content> B cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCBC<\/jats:styled-content>) thus undergo clonal diversification that can affect the affinity of the newly mutant B\u2010cell receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCR<\/jats:styled-content>) for its driving antigen. Through processes that are still poorly understood, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCBC<\/jats:styled-content> with higher affinity are selectively expanded while those with mutations that inactivate the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCR<\/jats:styled-content> are lost. In addition, at various times during the extended <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content> reaction, some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCBC<\/jats:styled-content> undergo differentiation into either long\u2010lived memory B cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MBC<\/jats:styled-content>) or plasma cells. The cellular and molecular signals that govern these fate decisions are not well\u2010understood, but are an active area of research in multiple laboratories. In this review, we cover both the history of this field and focus on recent work that has helped to elucidate the signals and molecules, such as key transcription factors, that coordinate both positive selection as well as differentiation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCBC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T09:06:39Z","timestamp":1552640799000},"page":"49-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Linking signaling and selection in the germinal center"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"288","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Shlomchik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh 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