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We consider two interrelated questions: (a) do T\u2010cell independent antibody responses dominated by IgM and\/or IgA play unique functions in immunity and homeostasis; and (b) is it typical for these responses to result in lifelong protection? In addressing these questions, we consider the established advantages of T\u2010cell driven responses including the unique role played by germinal center reactions in these responses, and contrast the processes and outcomes of germinal center\u2010centric responses with germinal center\u2010 and T\u2010cell independent antibodies. We suggest that T\u2010independent and other extrafollicular responses contribute substantially to highly stable antibody repertoires in both the serum and the intestine, providing relatively constitutive humoral barriers with the collective dual function of protecting against invading pathogens and regulating the composition of non\u2010pathogenic microbial communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T05:06:39Z","timestamp":1552626399000},"page":"128-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["The continuing story of T\u2010cell independent antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"288","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2732-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Allman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of 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