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While the mechanisms underlying these incapacitating acute symptoms remain partially understood, the progression to chronic conditions in some cases remains unanswered. The highly pro\u2010inflammatory nature of alphavirus disease has suggested the involvement of virus\u2010specific, joint\u2010infiltrating Th1 cells as one of the main pathogenic mediators of CHIKV\u2010induced joint pathologies. This review summarizes the role of cell\u2010mediated immune responses in CHIKV pathogenesis, with a specific focus on pro\u2010inflammatory Th1 responses in the development of CHIKV joint inflammation. Furthermore, due to the explosive nature of arthritogenic alphavirus outbreaks and their recent expansion across the world, co\u2010infections with other highly prevalent pathogens such as malaria are likely to occur but the pathological outcomes of such interactions in humans are unknown. This review will also discuss the potential impact of malaria co\u2010infections on CHIKV pathogenesis and their relevance in alphavirus control programs in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T05:05:17Z","timestamp":1574831117000},"page":"80-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pathogenic Th1 responses in CHIKV\u2010induced inflammation and their modulation upon <i>Plasmodium<\/i> parasites co\u2010infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"294","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0447-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Torres\u2010Ruesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network Agency for Science, Technology and Research Biopolis Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teck\u2010Hui","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network Agency for Science, Technology and Research Biopolis Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Infection Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit Institute Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Hao","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network Agency for Science, Technology and Research Biopolis Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"R\u00e9nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network Agency for Science, Technology and Research Biopolis Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4071-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa F. 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