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The search for newer and better vaccines for TB is an ongoing endeavor and latest results from trials of candidate TB vaccines such as M72AS01 look promising. However, recent encouraging data from BCG revaccination trials in adults combined with studies on mucosal and intravenous routes of BCG vaccination in non\u2010human primate models have renewed interest in BCG for TB prevention. In addition, several well\u2010demonstrated non\u2010specific effects of BCG, for example, prevention of viral and respiratory infections, give BCG an added advantage. Also, BCG vaccination is currently being widely tested in human clinical trials to determine whether it protects against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and\/or death with detailed analyses and outcomes from several ongoing trials across the world awaited. Through this review, we attempt to bring together information on various aspects of the BCG\u2010induced immune response, its efficacy in TB control, comparison with other candidate TB vaccines and strategies to improve its efficiency including revaccination and alternate routes of administration. Finally, we discuss the future relevance of BCG use especially in light of its several heterologous benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T22:00:52Z","timestamp":1620338452000},"page":"98-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["A century of BCG: Impact on tuberculosis control and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology of HIV\u2010TB co\u2010infection Centre for Infectious Disease Research Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srabanti","family":"Rakshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology of HIV\u2010TB co\u2010infection Centre for Infectious Disease Research Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasista","family":"Adiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology of HIV\u2010TB co\u2010infection Centre for Infectious Disease Research Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases St John\u2019s Research Institute Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Dwarkanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition St John\u2019s Research Institute Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases St John\u2019s Research Institute Bangalore India"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine St John\u2019s Medical College Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4260-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annapurna","family":"Vyakarnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology of HIV\u2010TB co\u2010infection Centre for Infectious Disease Research Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India"},{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine Guy's Hospital King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/diseases\u2010conditions\/tuberculosis. 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