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To most researchers, fibroblasts are rather unremarkable spindle\u2010shaped cells embedded in the fibrous collagen matrix of connective tissues and\/or deemed useful to perform mechanistic studies with adherent cells in culture. For more than a century, fibroblasts escaped thorough classification due to the lack of specific markers and were treated as the leftovers after all other cells have been identified from a tissue sample. With novel cell lineage tracing and single cell transcriptomics tools,\n                    <jats:italic>bona fide<\/jats:italic>\n                    fibroblasts emerge as only one heterogeneous sub\u2010population of a much larger group of partly overlapping cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells, fibro\u2010adipogenic progenitor cells, pericytes, and\/or perivascular cells. All these cells are activated to contribute to tissue repair after injury and\/or chronic inflammation. \u201cActivation\u201d can entail various functions, such as enhanced proliferation, migration, instruction of inflammatory cells, secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and organizing enzymes, and acquisition of a contractile myofibroblast phenotype. We provide our view on the fibroblastic cell types and activation states playing a role during physiological and pathological repair and their crosstalk with inflammatory macrophages. Inflammation and fibrosis of the articular synovium during rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are used as specific examples to discuss inflammatory fibroblast phenotypes. Ultimately, delineating the precursors and functional roles of activated fibroblastic cells will contribute to better and more specific intervention strategies to treat fibroproliferative and fibrocontractive disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T01:41:43Z","timestamp":1620956503000},"page":"126-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["The inflammatory speech of fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"302","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-4692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronen","family":"Schuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"PhenomicAI MaRS Centre Toronto ON 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