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While horrific in its health, social and economic devastation, one silver lining to this crisis has been a rapid mobilization of cross\u2010institute, and even cross\u2010country teams that shared common goals of learning as much as we could as quickly as possible about the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) and how the immune system would respond to both the virus and COVID\u201019 vaccines. Many of these teams were formed by women who quickly realized that the classical model of \u201cpublish first at all costs\u201d was maladaptive for the circumstances and needed to be supplanted by a more collaborative solution\u2010focused approach. This review is an example of a collaboration that unfolded in separate countries, first Canada and the United States, and then also Israel. Not only did the collaboration allow us to cross\u2010validate our results using different hands\/techniques\/samples, but it also took advantage of different vaccine types and schedules that were rolled out in our respective home countries. The result of this collaboration was a new understanding of how mucosal immunity to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection vs COVID\u201019 vaccination can be measured using saliva as a biofluid, what types of vaccines are best able to induce (limited) mucosal immunity, and what are potential correlates of protection against breakthrough infection. In this review, we will share what we have learned about the mucosal immune response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and to COVID\u201019 vaccines and provide a perspective on what may be required for next\u2010generation pan\u2010sarbecoronavirus vaccine approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T08:38:27Z","timestamp":1657528707000},"page":"75-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Guardians of the oral and nasopharyngeal galaxy: <scp>IgA<\/scp> and protection against <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\u20102 infection*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Salma","family":"Sheikh\u2010Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin C.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Gommerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal Caspi","family":"Tal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01296-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02292-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.142032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19891-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2342-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00974-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf8396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06222-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04479-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PG9.0000000000000152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01785-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.031113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MaraisG DoolabhD EnochA et al.Saliva swabs are the preferred sample for Omicron detection.medRxiv. 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