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Their success means that their use is likely to increase in future in terms of the numbers of patients treated, the indications and the range of immune checkpoints targeted. They function by counteracting immune evasion by the tumor but, as a consequence, can breach self\u2010tolerance at other sites leading to a range of immune\u2010related adverse events. Included among these complications are a range of rheumatologic complications, including inflammatory arthritis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. These superficially resemble immune\u2010mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRDs) such as rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's disease but preliminary studies suggest they are clinically and immunologically distinct entities. However, there appear to be common processes that predispose to the development of both that may inform preventative interventions and predictive tools. Both groups of conditions highlight the centrality of immune checkpoints in controlling tolerance and how it can be restored. Here we will discuss some of these commonalities and differences between rheumatic irAEs and IMRDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T11:54:38Z","timestamp":1689162878000},"page":"51-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Rheumatic complications of checkpoint inhibitors: Lessons from autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"318","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"},{"name":"Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts 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