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They have since been found in patients with diverse conditions and are even used as a diagnostic criterion in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS\u20101). However, their apparent lack of association with viral diseases, including shingles, led to wide acceptance of the conclusion that they had no pathological consequences. This perception began to change in 2020, when they were found to underlie about 15% of cases of critical COVID\u201019 pneumonia. They have since been shown to underlie other severe viral diseases, including 5%, 20%, and 40% of cases of critical influenza pneumonia, critical MERS pneumonia, and West Nile virus encephalitis, respectively. They also seem to be associated with shingles in various settings. These auto\u2010Abs are present in all age groups of the general population, but their frequency increases with age to reach at least 5% in the elderly. We estimate that at least 100 million people worldwide carry auto\u2010Abs neutralizing type I IFNs. Here, we briefly review the history of the study of these auto\u2010Abs, focusing particularly on their known causes and consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T10:30:18Z","timestamp":1704796218000},"page":"98-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Human autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs: From 1981 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"322","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Bastard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children  Paris France"},{"name":"Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Imagine Institute  Paris France"},{"name":"St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch The 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